Garman-Klass-Yang-Zhang Historical Volatility Calculation – Volatility Analysis in Python

Posted on June 30, 2020 By Harbourfront Technologies

In the previous post, we introduced the Garman-Klass volatility estimator that takes into account the high, low, open, and closing prices of a stock. In this installment, we present an extension of the Garman-Klass volatility estimator that also takes into consideration overnight jumps. Garman-Klass-Yang-Zhang (GKYZ) volatility estimator consists of using …

Garman-Klass Volatility Calculation – Volatility Analysis in Python

Posted on June 23, 2020 By Harbourfront Technologies

In the previous post, we introduced the Parkinson volatility estimator that takes into account the high and low prices of a stock. In this follow-up post, we present the Garman-Klass volatility estimator that uses not only the high and low but also the opening and closing prices. Garman-Klass (GK) volatility …

Parkinson Historical Volatility Calculation – Volatility Analysis in Python

Posted on May 31, 2020 By Harbourfront Technologies

In the previous post, we discussed the close-to-close historical volatility. Recall that the close-to-close historical volatility (CCHV) is calculated as follows, where xi are the logarithmic returns calculated based on closing prices, and N is the sample size. A disadvantage of using the CCHV is that it does not take …

Close-to-Close Historical Volatility Calculation – Volatility Analysis in Python

Posted on April 30, 2020 By Harbourfront Technologies

In a previous post, we touched upon a stock’s volatility through its beta. In this post, we are going to discuss historical volatilities of a stock in more details. If you want to use the online version, go to Historical Volatility Online Calculator. Also referred to as statistical volatility, historical …

Equity Beta: What Is, Example, Formula, How to Calculate Stock Beta in Python

Posted on March 31, 2020 By Harbourfront Technologies

What is equity (or stock) beta? In finance, beta measures a stock’s volatility with respect to the overall market. It is used in many areas of financial analysis and investment, for example in the calculation of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, in the Capital Asset Pricing Model and market-neutral …

Value At Risk – Financial Risk Management in Python

Posted on March 16, 2020 By Harbourfront Technologies

Value at Risk (VaR) is a tool for measuring a portfolio’s risk. Value at risk (VaR) is a measure of the risk of loss for investments. It estimates how much a set of investments might lose (with a given probability), given normal market conditions, in a set time period such …

Another Misuse of Financial Derivatives

Posted on February 29, 2020 By Harbourfront Technologies

Just like any financial derivatives that were initially designed for risk management purposes, interest rate swaps are an effective tool for managing and transferring interest rate risks as long as those risks are well understood. But as banks and financial institutions are constantly trying to invent new financial products to …

Valuing European Options Using Monte Carlo Simulation-Derivative Pricing in Python

Posted on February 6, 2020 By Harbourfront Technologies

In a previous post, we presented a methodology for pricing European options using a closed-form formula. In this installment, we price these options using a numerical method. Specifically, we will use Monte Carlo simulation. Recall that, A call option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation to buy …

Black-Scholes-Merton Option Pricing Model-Derivative Pricing in Python

Posted on January 31, 2020 By Harbourfront Technologies

The Black-Scholes-Merton model is one of the earliest option pricing models that was developed in the late 1960s and published in 1973 . The most important concept behind the model is the dynamic hedging of an option portfolio in order to eliminate the market risk. First, a delta-neutral portfolio is …

Derivative Pricing and Valuation

Posted on January 26, 2020 By Harbourfront Technologies

A derivative is a financial instrument whose price is derived from one or more underlying assets. Thus, in very simple words, the price and value of a derivative stem from its underlying assets. The underlying assets can be anything that have some value. In the first part of this article, …