Out-of-sample testing is a critical component of designing and evaluating trading systems. Trading systems are often developed and optimized using historical data, which can lead to overfitting – a situation where the system is excessively tuned to past data, resulting in poor performance on new, unseen data. Out-of-sample testing involves …

In the financial industry, data plays a critical role in enabling managers to make informed decisions and manage risk effectively. Financial data can come from a wide range of sources, including economic indicators, company financial statements, market data, customer transaction histories, and social media sentiment. By analyzing this data, financial …

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are two rapidly growing fields that have revolutionized the way we process and analyze data. AI refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and natural language processing. …

In option pricing theory, the risk-neutral measure is a measure that allows for the valuation of financial instruments such as options. The risk-neutral measure is obtained by assuming that investors are indifferent to the risk and that the expected rate of return on all assets is equal to the risk-free …

Technical indicators are mathematical calculations based on the price, volume, or open interest of a security or index. They are used to help traders and investors analyze the behavior of securities in order to make informed investment decisions. Technical indicators are commonly used in technical analysis, which is a method …

In the financial markets,  a lead-lag relationship is a type of correlation in which the performance of one asset precedes that of another. This means that when the price or performance of one asset increases or decreases, the price or performance of a second asset follows suit. This type of …

Implied volatility is an estimation of the future volatility of a security’s price. It is calculated using an option-pricing model, such as the Black-Scholes model, as it takes into account various factors including the current price of the underlying asset and its strike price. Implied volatility helps investors to gauge …

Machine Learning (ML) is a type of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that provides computers with the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed. It focuses on the development of computer programs that can access data and use it to learn for themselves. The process of learning begins with observations or data, …

Options are contracts that allow traders to buy or sell a security at a predetermined price. Options give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call option) or sell (put option). They are traded on exchanges like stocks and have their own ticker symbols. Options can be …

Would you rather choose a trading system that wins small amounts most of the time but when it loses, the loss is big? Or would you rather choose a trading system that loses small amounts most of the time but when it wins, the gain is big? In this blog …