A bond’s value may fluctuate depending on various factors. Sometimes, these factors can be internal. However, external factors play a more prominent role in the changes. There are several metrics to measure this sensitivity, including PV01 and DV01. Both methods differ in their application. Before understanding the differences between the …

In the financial world, many different terms may be unfamiliar to you. One of these could be an “Interest Rate Cap,” which can help you protect your investments or savings from any drastic changes in interest rates. Interest rate caps have been around for over 50 years and have proven …

What is Hedging? Hedging is a process that investors use to protect their finances from any risks. In other words, hedging is the process that investors use to mitigate their risks. They do so to reduce the chances of losses or offset their assets against the losses. Hedging is also …

Interest rate swaps are a primary type of hedging methods used by participants to mitigate their risks. With these swap contracts, participants can exchange their interest payments with another party to receive favourable terms in the future. There are several types of interest rate swaps that participants can use for …

What is a Swap Rate? A swap rate is a fixed rate that comes with swaps. The rate differs based on the parties involved in the contract and the market in which they transact. There are various types of swap rates, such as the interest rate swap or currency swap. …

What is an Interest Rate Swap? An interest rate swap is a type of financial derivatives that allows participants to exchange their interest payments. With interest rate swaps, two parties can enter a forward contract to pay off each other’s interest payments. Usually, both parties agree on the terms of …

What is an Interest Rate Swap? Interest rate swaps are an example of financial derivative contracts. With interest rate swaps, entities can exchange one source of interest payments with another. There is also another party that agrees to swap the stream with the entity. The interest rate swap occurs based …

In a previous post, we presented a method for pricing a fixed-rate bond. In this post, we are going to discuss valuation of a callable bond. A callable bond (also called redeemable bond) is a type of bond (debt security) that allows the issuer of the bond to retain the …

Yonhap recently reported that South Korea’s investors appear to have lost money by investing in complex derivative products. The Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) said 3,654 individual investors and 188 businesses were found to have bought 822.4 billion won (US$677.8 million) worth of so-called “derivatives-linked fund” options sold by banks as …

In a previous post, we presented an example of Interest Rate Swap Pricing in Excel. In this post, we are going to provide an example of interest rate swap pricing in Python. We are going to use the USD Libor swap curve as at December 31 2018. Picture below shows …