Delta hedging is a risk management strategy used to neutralize the impact of price movements in the underlying asset of an option. It involves adjusting the position in the underlying asset to offset the sensitivity of the option’s value, measured by its “delta.”  Delta represents the rate of change in …

Credit risk refers to the potential for financial loss if a borrower fails to meet their debt obligations, such as repaying a loan or bond. Credit risk assessment involves evaluating the likelihood of default, often using financial metrics, historical performance, and credit ratings. Effective management of credit risk includes diversifying …

Volatility forecasting is important in portfolio and risk management because it helps portfolio and risk managers assess the potential risk and return of their investments. Accurate volatility forecasts help in setting appropriate risk limits, calculating Value-at-Risk (VaR), and managing portfolios. Most research has focused on forecasting the point estimate or …

Volume is an essential, integral market data. However, it receives much less attention in research literature compared to price data. Understanding and being able to model volume dynamics is important because buy-side firms must plan and time their trades to avoid significantly impacting the market, revealing their identities, and incurring …

The relationship between two assets can be examined using various techniques such as correlation, lagged correlation, cointegration etc. Reference presented a new method called Quantile-on-Quantile Spillover Analysis to examine the relationship between two assets. This approach involves estimating Quantile Vector Autoregression (QVAR) models across different quantiles and then calculating …

Hedging is a risk management strategy used to offset potential losses in one investment by taking an opposing position in a related asset. By using financial instruments such as options, futures, or other derivatives, investors can protect their portfolios from adverse price movements. The primary goal of hedging is not …

Realized volatility (RV) refers to the actual movement of an asset’s price over a specific period, typically measured using high-frequency data. Unlike implied volatility, which is derived from options prices and reflects market expectations, realized volatility is computed from historical price data and provides an empirical measure of how much …

The volatility risk premium (VRP) represents the difference between the implied volatility of options and the realized volatility of the underlying asset. Essentially, it reflects the compensation that investors demand for bearing the risk associated with the uncertainty of future volatility. Typically, implied volatility is higher than realized volatility, indicating …

A significant challenge in designing trading strategies is the data mining problem, which arises from the vast amount of data available and the potential for spurious correlations. With an abundance of historical market data, traders may inadvertently identify patterns or relationships that appear significant but are merely coincidental. This can …

Volatility spillover refers to the transmission of volatility shocks from one market or asset to another, leading to increased volatility in the receiving market. These spillovers can occur within the same asset class or across different asset classes. For instance, a sudden increase in volatility in one stock market may …